The conflict between India and Pakistan in 2025 was sparked by a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Kashmir, on April 22, 2025, which killed 26 civilians. India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism, while Pakistan denied any involvement.
*Key Events:*
- *Indian Airstrikes*: On May 7, 2025, India launched Operation Sindoor, a series of missile strikes targeting alleged terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province.
- *Pakistani Retaliation*: Pakistan responded with its own strikes, targeting Indian military bases, and launched Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos.
- *Ceasefire*: A ceasefire was agreed upon on May 10, 2025, after a hotline communication between the Directors General of Military Operations (DGMO) of both countries, facilitated by US intervention.
*Military Details:*
- *Indian Air Force*: Used Rafale jets, equipped with SCALP missiles and AASM Hammer bombs, and BrahMos cruise missiles.
- *Pakistani Air Force*: Claimed to have downed several Indian fighter jets, including Rafale aircraft, and intercepted and destroyed Israeli-made Harop drones sent by India.
- *Drone Warfare*: The conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.
*International Reaction:*
- *US Intervention*: The US played a key role in brokering a ceasefire between India and Pakistan, with Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio holding extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials.
- *Global Concerns*: The conflict raised concerns about nuclear escalation risks and the potential for a wider war in the region ¹.
*Aftermath:*
- *Diplomatic Fallout*: The conflict led to a significant deterioration in India-Pakistan relations, with both countries recalling ambassadors and restricting diplomatic ties.
- *Economic Impact*: The conflict had a significant impact on the economies of both countries, with stock markets experiencing volatility and trade being disrupted.
- *Humanitarian Concerns*: The conflict resulted in civilian casualties and displacement, with concerns about the humanitarian situation in the region ².
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